[Rcpp-devel] R Session Sometimes Aborts

Dirk Eddelbuettel edd at debian.org
Wed Dec 15 17:49:05 CET 2021 

On 15 December 2021 at 11:22, Alex Ilich wrote:
| I actually think that the issue may be related to conversions between
| int/IntegerVectors and double/NumericVector/std::vector<double>. I was
| talking with the terra package author to see if the focalCpp function can
| take an IntegerVector instead of a NumericVector/ /std::vector<double>, as
| it seemed initially to be working and he said that Rcpp automatically
| coerces a std::vector<double> to an Rcpp::IntegerVector. However, when I

That is a misunderstanding. That would be a *major* bug. Brining Rob in just
in case.

Rcpp faithfully and reliably maps back and forth between

    std::vector<int32_t>  and     Rcpp::IntegerVector
    std::vector<double>   and     Rcpp::NumericVector

as well as other numerics and of course std::string etc

What you may be confusing is that writing something such as

    > Rcpp::cppFunction("int mysum(IntegerVector x) { return sum(x); }")
    > mysum(c(1.0, 2.0, 3.0))
    [1] 6
    > Rcpp::cppFunction("double myothersum(NumericVector x) { return sum(x); }")
    > myothersum(1:3)  # the : creates an _int_ sequence
    [1] 6
    > myothersum(c(1L,2L,3L)) 
    [1] 6
    > 

cast up/down from/to int and double _when access from R_ which is a _very_
different story.
    

| replace the call to C_make_glcm which was causing the issue to just
| out(i,0) = xw[0] (i.e. return the first value), the edges that should be NA
| evaluate to -2147483648 so maybe this automatic conversion doesn't work if
| there are NAs. I can reproduce this using only Rcpp by having a function
| that takes an IntegerVector and returns the first value of that vector as a
| double, in which case NA's are changed to -2147483648 (code below). Is this
| expected behavior, and are there any ways to guard against this?

It's a bug in your code as you don't cast right. And you also 'call it
incorrectly' just as per my example above. NA is a _double_ as is 1. We then
help you by making the _now int_ value a matching NA _as an int_.

And here is a *very* important bit: Int NAs are an R-only thing. The
assignment you make is a C/C++ one *which does not know this* and you loose
NAness.

No more, no less. Just a usage bug on your end.
 
| library(Rcpp)
| cppFunction('double C_fun2(IntegerVector x){
|   size_t start = 0;
|   size_t end = x.length()-1;
|   IntegerVector xw = x[Rcpp::Range(start,end)]; //Current window of
| elevation values
|   double out=xw[0];
|   return(out);
| }')
| 
| C_fun2(c(NA,1))               
| # -2147483648

Simpler fixed version:


    > Rcpp::cppFunction("double alex(IntegerVector x) { NumericVector y(x); return y[0];}")
    > alex(c(NA, 1))
    [1] NA
    > alex(c(NA_integer_, 1L))   # "correct" call with actual int arguments
    [1] NA
    > 

This ensure we build a proper R-context aware vector of doubles and then
return its first element.  You can use the same logic in your code, we also
do this (I think) when using std::vector<> of these base types as they are so
common.

Dirk

| On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 3:43 PM Alex Ilich <alexilich93 at gmail.com> wrote:
| 
| > Thanks for digging into this for me. If focal_val is 16, then this is an
| > out of bounds error as the matrix is 16x16 and the maximum index can be 15.
| > What I'm confused about is that focal_val comes from the data which has
| > been transformed to be restricted to integers in the range of 0-15 (0 -
| > n_levels-1). This is explicitly checked for in the glcm_textures2 function
| > with the line " if((terra::global(r, fun = max) > (n_levels-1)) |
| > (terra::global(r, fun = min) < 0)){stop("Error: raster must have values
| > between 0 and n_levels-1")}". Additionally, if I start with numbers in 0-15
| > and don't do any transformation (quantization="none"), I still run into
| > this issue (see code below).
| >
| > Thanks,
| > Alex
| >
| > library(terra)
| > library(raster)
| > library(GLCMTextures)
| >
| > r1b<- terra::rast(volcano)
| > set.seed(5)
| > values(r1b)<- sample(0:15, size = ncell(r1b), replace = TRUE) # Replace
| > values with random integers from 0-15
| > r2b<- glcm_textures2(r1b, w=c(3,7), n_levels = 16, quantization = "none",
| > shift=c(0,1)) #Often leads to Rsession Aborted
| >
| > On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 3:12 PM Bill Dunlap <williamwdunlap at gmail.com>
| > wrote:
| >
| >> In this example vgdb shows that valgrind's first complaint is at
| >> (gdb) where 5
| >> #0  0x000000001c1ada01 in C_make_glcm (x=..., n_levels=16, shift=...,
| >> na_opt=...) at glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:73
| >> #1  0x000000001c1b2238 in C_glcm_textures_helper2 (x=..., w2=...,
| >> n_levels=16, shift=..., na_opt=..., ni=1, nw=21)
| >>     at glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:218
| >> #2  0x000000001c1a098e in _GLCMTextures_C_glcm_textures_helper2
| >> (xSEXP=0x19023168, w2SEXP=0x92cbde8,
| >>     n_levelsSEXP=0xa3138d8, shiftSEXP=0x92cc468, na_optSEXP=0xa313398,
| >> niSEXP=0xb655560, nwSEXP=0x1aeec7d0)
| >>     at RcppExports.cpp:94
| >> #3  0x00000000001f6b02 in R_doDotCall (
| >>     ofun=0x1c1a0732 <_GLCMTextures_C_glcm_textures_helper2(SEXP, SEXP,
| >> SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP, SEXP)>, nargs=7,
| >>     cargs=0x1ffeff6830, call=0x15ed3c88) at
| >> /mnt/c/R/R-svn/trunk/src/main/dotcode.c:622
| >> #4  0x00000000002637ca in bcEval (body=0x15ed4078, rho=0x19023210,
| >> useCache=TRUE)
| >>     at /mnt/c/R/R-svn/trunk/src/main/eval.c:7695
| >>
| >> Line 73 is
| >> GLCM(neighbor_val,focal_val) = GLCM(neighbor_val,focal_val)+1;
| >> where GLCM is a 16 x 16 IntegerMatrix and focal_val is 16:
| >>    (gdb) print neighbor_val
| >>    $1 = 9
| >>    (gdb) print focal_val
| >>    $2 = 16
| >>    (gdb) print i
| >>    $3 = 2
| >>    (gdb) print j
| >>    $4 = 1
| >>
| >> -Bill
| >>
| >> On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 11:37 AM Bill Dunlap <williamwdunlap at gmail.com>
| >> wrote:
| >>
| >>> Thanks, I hadn't noticed the --use-valgrind option to check.
| >>>
| >>> I often run R under valgrind with the command line:
| >>>   $ R --quiet --no-save --debugger=valgrind
| >>> --debugger-args="--track-origins=yes --vgdb=full --vgdb-error=0"
| >>> then in another window start a debugger process with
| >>>   $ gdb RHOME/bin/exec/R
| >>>   ...
| >>>    (gdb) target remote | vgdb
| >>>    (gdb) cont
| >>> You may need to supply a complete path to vgdb, valgrind's interface to
| >>> gdb.
| >>> Then gdb will set breakpoints where valgrind reports memory misuse and
| >>> you can inspect variables, etc., where an error occurs.
| >>> You can check for memory leaks from gdb with
| >>>    (gdb) monitor leak_check full
| >>>
| >>> -Bill
| >>>
| >>>
| >>> On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 10:29 AM Dirk Eddelbuettel <edd at debian.org>
| >>> wrote:
| >>>
| >>>>
| >>>> On 13 December 2021 at 09:15, Bill Dunlap wrote:
| >>>> | I ran your example under valgrind on Linux (Ubuntu 20.04)
| >>>>
| >>>> Excellent call, as usual!  Thanks for doing that.
| >>>>
| >>>> R actually makes is so easy to run with valgrind by calling
| >>>>
| >>>>    R CMD check --use-valgrind somePkg_1.2-3.tar.gz
| >>>>
| >>>> that I started to add it to some CI setups.
| >>>>
| >>>> Dirk
| >>>>
| >>>> | and valgrind found some memory misuse:
| >>>> |
| >>>> | $ R --quiet --no-save --debugger=valgrind
| >>>> | --debugger-args="--track-origins=yes"
| >>>> | ==1533== Memcheck, a memory error detector
| >>>> | ==1533== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et
| >>>> al.
| >>>> | ==1533== Using Valgrind-3.15.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for
| >>>> copyright info
| >>>> | ==1533== Command: /home/bill/R-devel/R-build/bin/exec/R --quiet
| >>>> --no-save
| >>>> | ==1533==
| >>>> | > library(terra)
| >>>> | terra version 1.5.2
| >>>> | > library(raster)
| >>>> | Loading required package: sp
| >>>> | > library(GLCMTextures)
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > r1a<- raster::raster(volcano)
| >>>> | > r2a<- glcm_textures(r1a, w=c(3,7), n_levels = 16, quantization =
| >>>> "equal
| >>>> | prob", shift=c(0,1))
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > r1b<- terra::rast(volcano)
| >>>> | > r2b<- glcm_textures2(r1b, w=c(3,7), n_levels = 16, quantization =
| >>>> "equal
| >>>> | prob", shift=c(0,1)) #Often leads to Rsession Aborted
| >>>> | ==1533== Invalid read of size 4
| >>>> | ==1533==    at 0x1C1ADA01: C_make_glcm(Rcpp::Matrix<13,
| >>>> | Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, int, Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>,
| >>>> | Rcpp::String) (glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:73)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1C1B2237: C_glcm_textures_helper2(Rcpp::Vector<13,
| >>>> | Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, int,
| >>>> | Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, Rcpp::String, unsigned long,
| >>>> | unsigned long) (glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:218)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1C1A098D: _GLCMTextures_C_glcm_textures_helper2
| >>>> | (RcppExports.cpp:94)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1F6B01: R_doDotCall (dotcode.c:622)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2637C9: bcEval (eval.c:7695)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240653: Rf_eval (eval.c:748)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x242EFD: Rf_applyClosure (eval.c:1844)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240E06: Rf_eval (eval.c:871)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x246CD6: do_set (eval.c:2990)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2457DA: do_begin (eval.c:2538)
| >>>> | ==1533==  Address 0xa59c0c4 is 28 bytes before a block of size 64 in
| >>>> arena
| >>>> | "client"
| >>>> | ==1533==
| >>>> | ==1533== Invalid write of size 4
| >>>> | ==1533==    at 0x1C1ADA44: C_make_glcm(Rcpp::Matrix<13,
| >>>> | Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, int, Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>,
| >>>> | Rcpp::String) (glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:73)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1C1B2237: C_glcm_textures_helper2(Rcpp::Vector<13,
| >>>> | Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, int,
| >>>> | Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, Rcpp::String, unsigned long,
| >>>> | unsigned long) (glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:218)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1C1A098D: _GLCMTextures_C_glcm_textures_helper2
| >>>> | (RcppExports.cpp:94)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1F6B01: R_doDotCall (dotcode.c:622)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2637C9: bcEval (eval.c:7695)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240653: Rf_eval (eval.c:748)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x242EFD: Rf_applyClosure (eval.c:1844)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240E06: Rf_eval (eval.c:871)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x246CD6: do_set (eval.c:2990)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2457DA: do_begin (eval.c:2538)
| >>>> | ==1533==  Address 0xa59c0c4 is 28 bytes before a block of size 64 in
| >>>> arena
| >>>> | "client"
| >>>> | ==1533==
| >>>> | --1533-- VALGRIND INTERNAL ERROR: Valgrind received a signal 11
| >>>> (SIGSEGV) -
| >>>> | exiting
| >>>> | --1533-- si_code=1;  Faulting address: 0x10A59C138;  sp: 0x10090e2e20
| >>>> |
| >>>> | valgrind: the 'impossible' happened:
| >>>> |    Killed by fatal signal
| >>>> |
| >>>> | host stacktrace:
| >>>> | ==1533==    at 0x580505C4: ??? (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/memcheck-amd64-linux)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x58004EBB: ??? (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/memcheck-amd64-linux)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x58005DA7: ??? (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/memcheck-amd64-linux)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x580A7204: ??? (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/memcheck-amd64-linux)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x580F5FD4: ??? (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/memcheck-amd64-linux)
| >>>> |
| >>>> | sched status:
| >>>> |   running_tid=1
| >>>> |
| >>>> | Thread 1: status = VgTs_Runnable (lwpid 1533)
| >>>> | ==1533==    at 0x483BE63: operator new(unsigned long) (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x6E92D3C: void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char,
| >>>> | std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char
| >>>> | const*>(char const*, char const*, std::forward_iterator_tag) (in
| >>>> | /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libstdc++.so.6.0.28)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1C1B2377: C_glcm_textures_helper2(Rcpp::Vector<13,
| >>>> | Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, int,
| >>>> | Rcpp::Vector<13, Rcpp::PreserveStorage>, Rcpp::String, unsigned long,
| >>>> | unsigned long) (glcm_cpp_functions.cpp:221)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1C1A098D: _GLCMTextures_C_glcm_textures_helper2
| >>>> | (RcppExports.cpp:94)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x1F6B01: R_doDotCall (dotcode.c:622)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2637C9: bcEval (eval.c:7695)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240653: Rf_eval (eval.c:748)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x242EFD: Rf_applyClosure (eval.c:1844)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240E06: Rf_eval (eval.c:871)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x246CD6: do_set (eval.c:2990)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2457DA: do_begin (eval.c:2538)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x244FC9: do_for (eval.c:2420)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2457DA: do_begin (eval.c:2538)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x244FC9: do_for (eval.c:2420)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2457DA: do_begin (eval.c:2538)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x242EFD: Rf_applyClosure (eval.c:1844)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x253F32: bcEval (eval.c:7107)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240653: Rf_eval (eval.c:748)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243D9C: R_execMethod (eval.c:2094)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x8800187: R_dispatchGeneric
| >>>> (methods_list_dispatch.c:1145)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x2B15F4: do_standardGeneric (objects.c:1285)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x253DB3: bcEval (eval.c:7096)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240653: Rf_eval (eval.c:748)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x242EFD: Rf_applyClosure (eval.c:1844)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x253F32: bcEval (eval.c:7107)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240653: Rf_eval (eval.c:748)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x243223: R_execClosure (eval.c:1918)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x242EFD: Rf_applyClosure (eval.c:1844)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240E06: Rf_eval (eval.c:871)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x246CD6: do_set (eval.c:2990)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x240A8C: Rf_eval (eval.c:823)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x28EF5E: Rf_ReplIteration (main.c:264)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x28F157: R_ReplConsole (main.c:316)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x290BC0: run_Rmainloop (main.c:1130)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x290BDA: Rf_mainloop (main.c:1137)
| >>>> | ==1533==    by 0x16F74B: main (Rmain.c:29)
| >>>> | client stack range: [0x1FFEED3000 0x1FFF000FFF] client SP:
| >>>> 0x1FFEFF35F0
| >>>> | valgrind stack range: [0x1008FE3000 0x10090E2FFF] top usage: 12336 of
| >>>> | 1048576
| >>>> |
| >>>> |
| >>>> | Note: see also the FAQ in the source distribution.
| >>>> | It contains workarounds to several common problems.
| >>>> | In particular, if Valgrind aborted or crashed after
| >>>> | identifying problems in your program, there's a good chance
| >>>> | that fixing those problems will prevent Valgrind aborting or
| >>>> | crashing, especially if it happened in m_mallocfree.c.
| >>>> |
| >>>> | If that doesn't help, please report this bug to: www.valgrind.org
| >>>> |
| >>>> | In the bug report, send all the above text, the valgrind
| >>>> | version, and what OS and version you are using.  Thanks.
| >>>> |
| >>>> | On Mon, Dec 13, 2021 at 8:15 AM Alexander Ilich <ailich at mail.usf.edu>
| >>>> wrote:
| >>>> |
| >>>> | > Hi, I'm upgrading one of my R packages to rely on the terra package
| >>>> | > instead of the raster package for the handling of spatial raster
| >>>> data.
| >>>> | > Previously when relying on the raster package I had to convert the
| >>>> data to
| >>>> | > a matrix and send it to C++ to loop through the cells manually, but
| >>>> with
| >>>> | > the new features in the terra package I can supply a C++ function
| >>>> that
| >>>> | > returns multiple values directly to terra::focalCpp to perform focal
| >>>> | > operations
| >>>> | > <
| >>>> https://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/spatial-analyst-toolbox/how-focal-statistics-works.htm
| >>>> >.
| >>>> | > I get the same values using both the old and new versions of the
| >>>> functions,
| >>>> | > but the new version often causes the R session to abort, especially
| >>>> at
| >>>> | > larger window sizes. For example, a 3x3 or a 3x5 window seems to
| >>>> always
| >>>> | > run, but a 3x7 window will often cause the R session to abort.
| >>>> However,
| >>>> | > when it doesn't, I get the correct values. Functions followed by 2
| >>>> are the
| >>>> | > terra versions of the function. By commenting out things and
| >>>> rebuilding I
| >>>> | > was able to determine the line that causes the crash in the terra
| >>>> version
| >>>> | > is "NumericMatrix curr_GLCM = C_make_glcm(curr_window, n_levels,
| >>>> shift,
| >>>> | > na_opt); //Tabulate the GLCM"; however, this line is also included
| >>>> in the
| >>>> | > raster version of the function so I'm not sure why this would
| >>>> happen. Any
| >>>> | > help would be greatly appreciated. Here is the github repository
| >>>> | > <https://github.com/ailich/GLCMTextures/tree/terra>, and I've
| >>>> added some
| >>>> | > sample code below to illustrate the issue.
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > Thanks,
| >>>> | > Alex
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > install.packages('raster', repos='https://rspatial.r-universe.dev')
| >>>> | > #install development version of raster
| >>>> | > install.packages('terra', repos='https://rspatial.r-universe.dev')
| >>>> | > #install development version of terra
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > remotes::install_github("ailich/GLCMTextures", ref = "terra")
| >>>> #Install
| >>>> | > branch of my package testing terra versions of functions
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > library(terra)
| >>>> | > library(raster)
| >>>> | > library(GLCMTextures)
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > r1a<- raster::raster(volcano)
| >>>> | > r2a<- glcm_textures(r1a, w=c(3,7), n_levels = 16, quantization =
| >>>> "equal
| >>>> | > prob", shift=c(0,1))
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > r1b<- terra::rast(volcano)
| >>>> | > r2b<- glcm_textures2(r1b, w=c(3,7), n_levels = 16, quantization =
| >>>> "equal
| >>>> | > prob", shift=c(0,1)) #Often leads to Rsession Aborted
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > all.equal(values(r2a),values(r2b)) #TRUE
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > #System Information
| >>>> | > #OS: Windows 10
| >>>> | > R.version
| >>>> | > # platform       x86_64-w64-mingw32
| >>>> | > # arch           x86_64
| >>>> | > # os             mingw32
| >>>> | > # system         x86_64, mingw32
| >>>> | > # status
| >>>> | > # major          4
| >>>> | > # minor          0.4
| >>>> | > # year           2021
| >>>> | > # month          02
| >>>> | > # day            15
| >>>> | > # svn rev        80002
| >>>> | > # language       R
| >>>> | > # version.string R version 4.0.4 (2021-02-15)
| >>>> | > # nickname       Lost Library Book
| >>>> | >
| >>>> | > packageVersion("terra")
| >>>> | > # ‘1.5.2’
| >>>> | > packageVersion("raster")
| >>>> | > # ‘3.5.10’
| >>>> | > packageVersion("Rcpp")
| >>>> | > # ‘1.0.7’
| >>>> | > packageVersion("RcppArmadillo")
| >>>> | > # ‘0.10.7.3.0’
| >>>> | > _______________________________________________
| >>>> | > Rcpp-devel mailing list
| >>>> | > Rcpp-devel at lists.r-forge.r-project.org
| >>>> | >
| >>>> https://lists.r-forge.r-project.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/rcpp-devel
| >>>> | _______________________________________________
| >>>> | Rcpp-devel mailing list
| >>>> | Rcpp-devel at lists.r-forge.r-project.org
| >>>> |
| >>>> https://lists.r-forge.r-project.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/rcpp-devel
| >>>> --
| >>>> https://dirk.eddelbuettel.com | @eddelbuettel | edd at debian.org
| >>>>
| >>> _______________________________________________
| >> Rcpp-devel mailing list
| >> Rcpp-devel at lists.r-forge.r-project.org
| >> https://lists.r-forge.r-project.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/rcpp-devel
| >
| >

-- 
https://dirk.eddelbuettel.com | @eddelbuettel | edd at debian.org

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