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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Hi Aron,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">There are several papers in the literature that are devoted to the comparison between interestingness measures of association rules. See for example Lenca et
al. (2006) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221706011465">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377221706011465</a> . On page
619 of that paper there is something about the significance of the lift.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Gilbert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org [mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Aron Lindberg<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, March 14, 2015 01:21<br>
<b>To:</b> Users questions<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Users questions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Re: [Traminer-users] p-values for sequential association rules?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Does that then mean that for a rule to really be considered as interesting, it needs both a lift above 1 and a p-value below 0.05? Or could a rule with a lift above 1 and an insignificant p-value still be of value?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Aron Lindberg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Doctoral Candidate, Information Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Weatherhead School of Management <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Case Western Reserve University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">aronlindberg.github.io<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p>On Thu, Mar 12, 2015 at 12:42 AM, Gilbert Ritschard <<a href="mailto:Gilbert.Ritschard@unige.ch" target="_blank">Gilbert.Ritschard@unige.ch</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Lift and implication strength are not equivalent, and can well differ as you have observed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Lift measures whether the chance to observe the conclusion increases when the condition holds, why
the implication strength measures whether the number of counter-examples decreases when the condition holds. A significant p-value means that the latter decrease is significant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Best.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Gilbert<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org">traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org</a> [<a href="mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org">mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Aron Lindberg<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 12, 2015 02:18<br>
<b>To:</b> Users questions<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Users questions<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Traminer-users] p-values for sequential association rules?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Thanks Gilbert,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">That’s very helpful! How do I mesh this with the interpretation of the lift? For example, I have many rules where the lift is below 1 (and then based on assessing the lift is of
no interest), but where the p-value is significant. I also have cases which show the reverse scenario, lift > 1, but insignificant p-values. Is it the case that the lift is similar to a coefficient, and then there is some error around it, thus sometimes causing
large lift values to be insignificant?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Aron<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Aron Lindberg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Doctoral Candidate, Information Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Weatherhead School of Management <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Case Western Reserve University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">aronlindberg.github.io<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p>On Wed, Mar 11, 2015 at 3:09 PM, Gilbert Ritschard <<a href="mailto:Gilbert.Ritschard@unige.ch">Gilbert.Ritschard@unige.ch</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Hi Aron,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">The p-value is that of the implication strength (ImplicStat). This criteria is a z value. The lower
ImplicStat (greater negative value), the greater the implication strength of the rule. Your first two rules have an implication strength of about -1, and P(Z<-1) is about .16 for a normal distribution. Likewise, for the 3<sup>rd</sup> rule, you have an implicative
strength of .08, and P(Z<.08) = .53. When the p-value is less than .05, the rule has a significant implicative strength.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">For more explanation see for example,
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Ritschard, G., V. Pisetta and D.A. Zighed (2008), Inducing and evaluating classification trees with statistical implicative criteria,
in R. Gras, E. Suzuki, F. Guillet and F. Spagnolo (eds), <i>Statistical Implicative Analysis: Theory and Applications</i>, Series Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 127. Berlin: Springer, 397-420.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Preprint:
<a href="http://mephisto.unige.ch/pub/publications/gr/ritsch-pisetta-zighed_bookGras_final_plain.pdf">
http://mephisto.unige.ch/pub/publications/gr/ritsch-pisetta-zighed_bookGras_final_plain.pdf</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Gilbert
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">
<a href="mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org">traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org</a> [<a href="mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org">mailto:traminer-users-bounces@lists.r-forge.r-project.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Aron Lindberg<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, March 11, 2015 16:29<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:traminer-users@lists.r-forge.r-project.org">traminer-users@lists.r-forge.r-project.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Traminer-users] p-values for sequential association rules?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hi,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">When running sequential association rules I get several values in the output:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> Rules Support Conf Lift Standardlift JMeasure ImplicStat p.value<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">1 (I1) => (I2) 15 0.7142857 0.7482993 -1.1607143 0.45894146 -0.9770084 0.1642825<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">2 (I2) => (I1) 17 0.8095238 0.8480726 -0.4404762 0.20127953 -0.9770084 0.1642825<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">3 (I2) => (I3) 17 0.8095238 0.9373434 0.5193644 0.01626898 0.0805823 0.5321129<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">From here I understand what support, confidence, and lift are:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27947556/traminerseqerules-help-page">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27947556/traminerseqerules-help-page</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">However, what does the p-value mean? It seems to be highly and negatively correlated with the confidence, but at the same time I have many sequences with combinations high support,
confidence, and lift that still are insignificant.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hence: what does the p-value pertain to? Can the rules be meaningfully interpreted even with the p-value is insignificant?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">ARon<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">-- <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Aron Lindberg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Doctoral Candidate, Information Systems<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Weatherhead School of Management <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">Case Western Reserve University<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black">aronlindberg.github.io<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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