[Distr-commits] r654 - branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R

noreply at r-forge.r-project.org noreply at r-forge.r-project.org
Mon May 17 00:39:26 CEST 2010


Author: ruckdeschel
Date: 2010-05-17 00:39:26 +0200 (Mon, 17 May 2010)
New Revision: 654

Added:
   branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow.R
Removed:
   branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow0.R
Log:
a renaming schedule : enforcing ending .R in convpow.R II

Copied: branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow.R (from rev 652, branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow0.R)
===================================================================
--- branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow.R	                        (rev 0)
+++ branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow.R	2010-05-16 22:39:26 UTC (rev 654)
@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+##########################################################
+## Function for n-fold convolution          
+## -- absolute continuous distribution --
+##########################################################
+
+##implentation of Algorithm 3.4. of
+# Kohl, M., Ruckdeschel, P., Stabla, T. (2005):
+#   General purpose convolution algorithm for distributions
+#   in S4-Classes by means of FFT.
+# Technical report, Feb. 2005. Also available in
+# http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/math/org/mathe7/
+#       /RUCKDESCHEL/pubs/comp.pdf
+
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "AbscontDistribution"),
+          function(D1, N){
+            if( !.isNatural0(N))
+              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+            if (N==1) return(D1)
+    ##STEP 1
+
+            lower <- getLow(D1);  upper <- getUp(D1);
+
+    ##STEP 2
+
+    ## binary logarithm of the effective number of gridpoints
+            m <- max(getdistrOption("DefaultNrFFTGridPointsExponent") -
+                 floor(log(N)/log(2)),5)
+            M <- 2^m
+            Nl <-2^ceiling(log(N)/log(2))
+
+            h <- (upper-lower)/M
+            dp1 <- .discretizeP(D1, lower, upper, h)
+
+    ##STEP 3
+
+            dpn0 <- c(dp1, numeric((Nl-1)*M))
+    ##STEP 4
+
+            ## computation of DFT
+            fftdpn <- fft(dpn0)
+
+    ##STEP 5
+
+            ## convolution theorem for DFTs
+            dpn <- c(0,(Re(fft(fftdpn^N, inverse = TRUE)) / (Nl*M))[1:(N*M-N+2)])
+
+            x <- seq(from = N*lower+N/2*h, to = N*upper-N/2*h, by = h)
+            x <- c(x[1]-h, x[1], x+h)
+
+            ## density  (steps 5--7)
+
+            dfun <- .makeDNew(x, dpn, h)
+
+            ## cdf (steps 5--7)
+            pfun <- .makePNew(x, dpn, h, .notwithLArg(D1))
+
+            ## continuity correction by h/2
+
+            ## quantile function
+            yL <-  if  (q(D1)(0) == -Inf) -Inf  else  N*lower
+            yR <-  if  (q(D1)(1) ==  Inf)  Inf  else  N*upper
+            px.l <- pfun(x + 0.5*h)
+            px.u <- pfun(x + 0.5*h, lower.tail = FALSE)
+            qfun <- .makeQNew(x + 0.5*h, px.l, px.u, .notwithLArg(D1), yL, yR)
+
+            rfun = function(n) colSums(matrix(r(D1)(n*N), ncol=n))
+
+            object <- new("AbscontDistribution", r = rfun, d = dfun, p = pfun,
+                       q = qfun, .withArith = TRUE, .withSim = FALSE)
+
+            if(is(D1 at Symmetry,"SphericalSymmetry"))
+               object at Symmetry <- SphericalSymmetry(N*SymmCenter(D1 at Symmetry))   
+
+            rm(m, dpn, dp1, dpn0, fftdpn)
+            rm(h, px.u, px.l, rfun, dfun, qfun, pfun, upper, lower)
+           return(object)
+})
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "LatticeDistribution"),
+          function(D1, N, ep = getdistrOption("TruncQuantile")){
+            if( !.isNatural0(N))
+              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+            if (N==1) return(D1)
+
+            if(!is.numeric(ep)) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric.")
+            if(length(ep)!=1) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric of length 1.")
+            if((ep<0)||(ep>1)) stop("argument 'ep' must be in (0,1).")
+
+            w <- width(lattice(D1))
+
+            supp0 <- support(D1)
+            supp1 <- seq(by=abs(w),from=N*min(supp0),to=N*max(supp0))
+
+            d1 <- d(D1)(supp0); d1 <- c(d1,numeric((length(supp0)-1)*(N-1)))
+
+            ## computation of DFT
+            ftde1 <- fft(d1)
+
+            ## convolution theorem for DFTs
+            newd <- Re(fft(ftde1^N, inverse = TRUE)) / length(ftde1)
+            newd <- (newd >= .Machine$double.eps)*newd
+
+            rsum.u <- min( sum( cumsum(rev(newd))) > ep/2)+1, length(supp1))
+            rsum.l <- max( sum( cumsum(newd) < ep/2), 1)
+
+            newd <- newd[rsum.l:rsum.u]
+            newd <- newd/sum(newd)
+            supp1 <- supp1[rsum.l:rsum.u]
+            
+            supp2 <- supp1[newd>ep]
+            newd2 <- newd[newd>ep]
+            newd2 <- newd2/sum(newd2)
+
+            Symmetry <- NoSymmetry()
+            if(is(D1 at Symmetry,"SphericalSymmetry"))
+               Symmetry <- SphericalSymmetry(N*SymmCenter(D1 at Symmetry))   
+            
+            if( length(supp1) >= 2 * length(supp2))
+               return(DiscreteDistribution(supp = supp2, prob = newd2,
+                                           .withArith = TRUE, Symmetry = Symmetry))
+            else  
+               return(LatticeDistribution(supp = supp1, prob = newd,
+                                          .withArith = TRUE, Symmetry = Symmetry))
+})
+
+###############################################################################
+#
+# new from 2.0: convpov for  AcDcLcDistribution
+#
+###############################################################################
+#
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "AcDcLcDistribution"),
+          function(D1, N, ep = getdistrOption("TruncQuantile")){
+            if( !.isNatural0(N))
+              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+            if (N==1) return(D1)
+        e1 <- as(D1, "UnivarLebDecDistribution")
+        if(is(e1,"DiscreteDistribution")) return(convpow(e1,N))
+        if(is(e1,"AbscontDistribution")) return(convpow(e1,N))
+
+            if(!is.numeric(ep)) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric.")
+            if(length(ep)!=1) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric of length 1.")
+            if((ep<0)||(ep>1)) stop("argument 'ep' must be in (0,1).")
+
+        aw1 <- acWeight(e1)
+        dw1 <- 1-aw1
+        dD1 <- discretePart(e1)
+        aD1 <- acPart(e1)
+        dD1 <- discretePart(e1)
+        if(is(dD1,"LatticeDistribution"))
+           dD1 <- as(dD1,"LatticeDistribution")
+  #      dDm <- max(d.discrete(e1)(support(e1)))*dw1
+
+        if(aw1<ep) return(convpow(dD1,N))
+        if(dw1<ep) return(convpow(aD1,N))
+
+        maxN <- ceiling(2*log(ep)/log(dw1))
+        Nm <- min(maxN,N)
+        Mm <- N%/%Nm
+        Rm <- N-Mm*Nm
+   
+        sumM <- function(mm){
+                db <- dbinom(0:mm, size = mm, prob = aw1)                
+                im <- (0:mm)[db>ep^2]
+                db <- db[db>ep^2]
+                db <- db/sum(db)
+                if(length(im)>1){
+                      DList <- lapply(im,
+                                function(x) {
+                                   S.a <- convpow(aD1, x)
+                                   S.d <- convpow(dD1, mm-x) #as(dD1,
+                                          #  "DiscreteDistribution"), mm-x)
+                                   as(S.a+S.d,"UnivarLebDecDistribution")
+                               }) 
+                      erg <- do.call(flat.LCD, c(DList, alist(mixCoeff = db)))
+                }else{
+                      DList <- as(convpow(aD1,im)+convpow(dD1,mm-im),"UnivarLebDecDistribution")           
+                      erg <- flat.LCD(DList, mixCoeff = 1)
+                      } 
+                return(erg)
+        }
+        
+        erg <- sumM(Nm)
+        if(Mm>1) erg <- convpow(erg,Mm,ep=ep)
+        if(Rm>0) erg <- sumM(Rm)+ as(erg,"UnivarLebDecDistribution")
+        if(is(erg,"UnivarLebDecDistribution")) erg <- simplifyD(erg)
+
+        if(is(D1 at Symmetry,"SphericalSymmetry"))
+              erg at Symmetry <- SphericalSymmetry(N*SymmCenter(D1 at Symmetry))   
+        return(erg)
+})
+#
+###############################################################################
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "DiscreteDistribution"),
+          function(D1, N){
+            if( !.isNatural0(N))
+              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+            if (N==1) return(D1)
+            if (N==2) return(D1+D1)
+            DN1 <- convpow(D1,N%/%2)
+            DN1 <- DN1 + DN1
+            if (N%%2==1) DN1 <- DN1+D1 
+            return(DN1)
+            })
+###############################################################################
+            
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "Norm"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              if(N==1)  D1 else Norm(mean = N*mean(D1), sd = sqrt(N)*sd(D1))}
+           )
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "Pois"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              if(N==1) D1 else  Pois(lambda=N*lambda(D1))
+             }
+          )
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "Binom"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              if(N==1) D1 else  Binom(size=N*size(D1),prob=prob(D1))}
+          )
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "Nbinom"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              if(N==1) D1 else  Nbinom(size=N*size(D1),prob=prob(D1))}
+          )
+
+#setMethod("convpow",
+#          signature(D1 = "Gammad"),
+#          function(D1, N) 
+#            {if((N<1)||(abs(floor(N)-N)>.Machine$double.eps))
+#               stop("N has to be a natural greater than or equal to  1")
+#              if(N==1) D1 else  Gammad(shape=N*shape(D1),scale=scale(D1))}
+#          )
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "Dirac"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              Dirac(shape=N*location(D1))}
+          )
+
+setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "ExpOrGammaOrChisq"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              if(N==1) return(D1) 
+                 else  if(is(D1,"Gammad")) 
+                          {D1 <- as(D1,"Gammad")
+                           return(Gammad(shape = N*shape(D1),
+                                   scale = scale(D1))) }
+                 else convpow(as(D1, "AbscontDistribution"),N)}
+          )
+
+ setMethod("convpow",
+          signature(D1 = "Cauchy"),
+          function(D1, N) 
+             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
+                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
+              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
+              if(N==1)  D1 else Cauchy(location = N*location(D1), 
+                                       scale = N*scale(D1))}
+           )

Deleted: branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow0.R
===================================================================
--- branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow0.R	2010-05-16 22:38:48 UTC (rev 653)
+++ branches/distr-2.3/pkg/distr/R/Convpow0.R	2010-05-16 22:39:26 UTC (rev 654)
@@ -1,292 +0,0 @@
-##########################################################
-## Function for n-fold convolution          
-## -- absolute continuous distribution --
-##########################################################
-
-##implentation of Algorithm 3.4. of
-# Kohl, M., Ruckdeschel, P., Stabla, T. (2005):
-#   General purpose convolution algorithm for distributions
-#   in S4-Classes by means of FFT.
-# Technical report, Feb. 2005. Also available in
-# http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/departments/math/org/mathe7/
-#       /RUCKDESCHEL/pubs/comp.pdf
-
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "AbscontDistribution"),
-          function(D1, N){
-            if( !.isNatural0(N))
-              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-            if (N==1) return(D1)
-    ##STEP 1
-
-            lower <- getLow(D1);  upper <- getUp(D1);
-
-    ##STEP 2
-
-    ## binary logarithm of the effective number of gridpoints
-            m <- max(getdistrOption("DefaultNrFFTGridPointsExponent") -
-                 floor(log(N)/log(2)),5)
-            M <- 2^m
-            Nl <-2^ceiling(log(N)/log(2))
-
-            h <- (upper-lower)/M
-            dp1 <- .discretizeP(D1, lower, upper, h)
-
-    ##STEP 3
-
-            dpn0 <- c(dp1, numeric((Nl-1)*M))
-    ##STEP 4
-
-            ## computation of DFT
-            fftdpn <- fft(dpn0)
-
-    ##STEP 5
-
-            ## convolution theorem for DFTs
-            dpn <- c(0,(Re(fft(fftdpn^N, inverse = TRUE)) / (Nl*M))[1:(N*M-N+2)])
-
-            x <- seq(from = N*lower+N/2*h, to = N*upper-N/2*h, by = h)
-            x <- c(x[1]-h, x[1], x+h)
-
-            ## density  (steps 5--7)
-
-            dfun <- .makeDNew(x, dpn, h)
-
-            ## cdf (steps 5--7)
-            pfun <- .makePNew(x, dpn, h, .notwithLArg(D1))
-
-            ## continuity correction by h/2
-
-            ## quantile function
-            yL <-  if  (q(D1)(0) == -Inf) -Inf  else  N*lower
-            yR <-  if  (q(D1)(1) ==  Inf)  Inf  else  N*upper
-            px.l <- pfun(x + 0.5*h)
-            px.u <- pfun(x + 0.5*h, lower.tail = FALSE)
-            qfun <- .makeQNew(x + 0.5*h, px.l, px.u, .notwithLArg(D1), yL, yR)
-
-            rfun = function(n) colSums(matrix(r(D1)(n*N), ncol=n))
-
-            object <- new("AbscontDistribution", r = rfun, d = dfun, p = pfun,
-                       q = qfun, .withArith = TRUE, .withSim = FALSE)
-
-            if(is(D1 at Symmetry,"SphericalSymmetry"))
-               object at Symmetry <- SphericalSymmetry(N*SymmCenter(D1 at Symmetry))   
-
-            rm(m, dpn, dp1, dpn0, fftdpn)
-            rm(h, px.u, px.l, rfun, dfun, qfun, pfun, upper, lower)
-           return(object)
-})
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "LatticeDistribution"),
-          function(D1, N, ep = getdistrOption("TruncQuantile")){
-            if( !.isNatural0(N))
-              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-            if (N==1) return(D1)
-
-            if(!is.numeric(ep)) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric.")
-            if(length(ep)!=1) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric of length 1.")
-            if((ep<0)||(ep>1)) stop("argument 'ep' must be in (0,1).")
-
-            w <- width(lattice(D1))
-
-            supp0 <- support(D1)
-            supp1 <- seq(by=abs(w),from=N*min(supp0),to=N*max(supp0))
-
-            d1 <- d(D1)(supp0); d1 <- c(d1,numeric((length(supp0)-1)*(N-1)))
-
-            ## computation of DFT
-            ftde1 <- fft(d1)
-
-            ## convolution theorem for DFTs
-            newd <- Re(fft(ftde1^N, inverse = TRUE)) / length(ftde1)
-            newd <- (newd >= .Machine$double.eps)*newd
-
-            rsum.u <- min( sum( cumsum(rev(newd))) > ep/2)+1, length(supp1))
-            rsum.l <- max( sum( cumsum(newd) < ep/2), 1)
-
-            newd <- newd[rsum.l:rsum.u]
-            newd <- newd/sum(newd)
-            supp1 <- supp1[rsum.l:rsum.u]
-            
-            supp2 <- supp1[newd>ep]
-            newd2 <- newd[newd>ep]
-            newd2 <- newd2/sum(newd2)
-
-            Symmetry <- NoSymmetry()
-            if(is(D1 at Symmetry,"SphericalSymmetry"))
-               Symmetry <- SphericalSymmetry(N*SymmCenter(D1 at Symmetry))   
-            
-            if( length(supp1) >= 2 * length(supp2))
-               return(DiscreteDistribution(supp = supp2, prob = newd2,
-                                           .withArith = TRUE, Symmetry = Symmetry))
-            else  
-               return(LatticeDistribution(supp = supp1, prob = newd,
-                                          .withArith = TRUE, Symmetry = Symmetry))
-})
-
-###############################################################################
-#
-# new from 2.0: convpov for  AcDcLcDistribution
-#
-###############################################################################
-#
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "AcDcLcDistribution"),
-          function(D1, N, ep = getdistrOption("TruncQuantile")){
-            if( !.isNatural0(N))
-              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-            if (N==1) return(D1)
-        e1 <- as(D1, "UnivarLebDecDistribution")
-        if(is(e1,"DiscreteDistribution")) return(convpow(e1,N))
-        if(is(e1,"AbscontDistribution")) return(convpow(e1,N))
-
-            if(!is.numeric(ep)) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric.")
-            if(length(ep)!=1) stop("argument 'ep' must be a numeric of length 1.")
-            if((ep<0)||(ep>1)) stop("argument 'ep' must be in (0,1).")
-
-        aw1 <- acWeight(e1)
-        dw1 <- 1-aw1
-        dD1 <- discretePart(e1)
-        aD1 <- acPart(e1)
-        dD1 <- discretePart(e1)
-        if(is(dD1,"LatticeDistribution"))
-           dD1 <- as(dD1,"LatticeDistribution")
-  #      dDm <- max(d.discrete(e1)(support(e1)))*dw1
-
-        if(aw1<ep) return(convpow(dD1,N))
-        if(dw1<ep) return(convpow(aD1,N))
-
-        maxN <- ceiling(2*log(ep)/log(dw1))
-        Nm <- min(maxN,N)
-        Mm <- N%/%Nm
-        Rm <- N-Mm*Nm
-   
-        sumM <- function(mm){
-                db <- dbinom(0:mm, size = mm, prob = aw1)                
-                im <- (0:mm)[db>ep^2]
-                db <- db[db>ep^2]
-                db <- db/sum(db)
-                if(length(im)>1){
-                      DList <- lapply(im,
-                                function(x) {
-                                   S.a <- convpow(aD1, x)
-                                   S.d <- convpow(dD1, mm-x) #as(dD1,
-                                          #  "DiscreteDistribution"), mm-x)
-                                   as(S.a+S.d,"UnivarLebDecDistribution")
-                               }) 
-                      erg <- do.call(flat.LCD, c(DList, alist(mixCoeff = db)))
-                }else{
-                      DList <- as(convpow(aD1,im)+convpow(dD1,mm-im),"UnivarLebDecDistribution")           
-                      erg <- flat.LCD(DList, mixCoeff = 1)
-                      } 
-                return(erg)
-        }
-        
-        erg <- sumM(Nm)
-        if(Mm>1) erg <- convpow(erg,Mm,ep=ep)
-        if(Rm>0) erg <- sumM(Rm)+ as(erg,"UnivarLebDecDistribution")
-        if(is(erg,"UnivarLebDecDistribution")) erg <- simplifyD(erg)
-
-        if(is(D1 at Symmetry,"SphericalSymmetry"))
-              erg at Symmetry <- SphericalSymmetry(N*SymmCenter(D1 at Symmetry))   
-        return(erg)
-})
-#
-###############################################################################
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "DiscreteDistribution"),
-          function(D1, N){
-            if( !.isNatural0(N))
-              stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-            if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-            if (N==1) return(D1)
-            if (N==2) return(D1+D1)
-            DN1 <- convpow(D1,N%/%2)
-            DN1 <- DN1 + DN1
-            if (N%%2==1) DN1 <- DN1+D1 
-            return(DN1)
-            })
-###############################################################################
-            
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "Norm"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              if(N==1)  D1 else Norm(mean = N*mean(D1), sd = sqrt(N)*sd(D1))}
-           )
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "Pois"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              if(N==1) D1 else  Pois(lambda=N*lambda(D1))
-             }
-          )
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "Binom"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              if(N==1) D1 else  Binom(size=N*size(D1),prob=prob(D1))}
-          )
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "Nbinom"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              if(N==1) D1 else  Nbinom(size=N*size(D1),prob=prob(D1))}
-          )
-
-#setMethod("convpow",
-#          signature(D1 = "Gammad"),
-#          function(D1, N) 
-#            {if((N<1)||(abs(floor(N)-N)>.Machine$double.eps))
-#               stop("N has to be a natural greater than or equal to  1")
-#              if(N==1) D1 else  Gammad(shape=N*shape(D1),scale=scale(D1))}
-#          )
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "Dirac"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              Dirac(shape=N*location(D1))}
-          )
-
-setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "ExpOrGammaOrChisq"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              if(N==1) return(D1) 
-                 else  if(is(D1,"Gammad")) 
-                          {D1 <- as(D1,"Gammad")
-                           return(Gammad(shape = N*shape(D1),
-                                   scale = scale(D1))) }
-                 else convpow(as(D1, "AbscontDistribution"),N)}
-          )
-
- setMethod("convpow",
-          signature(D1 = "Cauchy"),
-          function(D1, N) 
-             {if( !.isNatural0(N))
-                  stop("N has to be a natural (or 0)")
-              if (N==0) return(Dirac(0))
-              if(N==1)  D1 else Cauchy(location = N*location(D1), 
-                                       scale = N*scale(D1))}
-           )



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